Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Molluscan Shellfish Safety

Contents

Foreword ix

Harmonisation of shellfish safety standards

International standardisation and quality assurance of methods for detection of human pathogenic viruses—a review of the issues and EU progress towards adoption of virus standards

David Lees, James Lowther and Rachel Rangdale  3

Development of a detection method for noroviruses in shellfish for regulatory use in New Zealand

Gail Greening, Joanne Hewitt and Malet Rivera-Aban  17

National management programmes

Challenges of setting new shellfish safety standards in a small country— the New Zealand experience

Phil Busby  25

Control objectives and shellfish target assurance levels network (COASTAL)

M. Dolores Furones, Simon Gardner, Benoît Beliaeff, Garbiñe Ayensa
and Chris Rodgers  30

Preliminary results from a survey of oyster production areas in Ireland for norovirus

Sinéad Keaveney, John Flannery, Fergal Guilfoyle and Bill Doré  36

Overview of developments of the algal biotoxin monitoring programme in England, Scotland and Wales

Wendy A. Higman, Myriam Algoet, Ben Stubbs and David Lees  41

Microalgae risk assessment

Factors controlling Alexandrium spp. bloom dynamics in Cork Harbour, Ireland

Aoife Ní Rathaille, Nicolas Touzet and Robin Raine  49

Microbial risk management

Three issues in quantitative microbial risk assessment of feral shellfish consumption

Graham B. McBride  57

The role of models in assessing the impact of sewage overflows on faecal water contamination

P. Riou, J.C. Le Saux, F. Dumas, F. S. Le Guyader, R. Le Goff, F. Maheux, L. Lamort and M. Pommepuy  63

Predicting shellfish microbial contamination using a neural network: towards an early-warning system

Giovanni Coco, Malcolm Green and Rob Davies-Colley  71

Conditions responsible for norovirus contamination in shellfisheries

Fergal Guilfoyle,John Flannery, Sinéad Keaveney and William Doré  76

Towards a risk assessment approach for managing viral contamination in shellfish harvesting areas in Spain

J. L. Romalde, A. Roque, M. L. Vilariño, C. Álvarez and M. D. Furones  81

Microalgae investigations

Distinct differences in accumulation of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins between the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis (l.), and the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis (L.)

Susanne Lindegarth, Trine Torgersen, Bengt Lundve and Morten Sandvik  89

Detection of Karenia brevis in Florida coastal waters using sandwich hybridisation assays in two formats

A. J. Haywood, C. A. Scholin, R. Marin III, K. Petrik, R. Pigg, M. Garrett,
K. A. Steidinger and C. Heil  95

Photobioreactor as a tool for microalgae physiology and toxicity studies

Véronique Séchet, Gaël Bougaran, Madeleine Bohec, Philippe Truquet,
Manoella Sibat, Véronique Savar, Raymond Kaas, Eva Lukomska,
Cyril Megrier and Zouher Amzil  101

Application of viral detection methods

An overview of enteric virus extraction and assay methods

Gary P. Richards  111

Alternative biotoxin methods

The "3Rs" approach to marine biotoxin testing in the United Kingdom

Ngaire Dennison and David B. Anderson  121

Improvements in the extraction of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins in cockles

C. G. Askew  130

Optimisation of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for analysis of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins

Elizabeth Turrell, Jean-Pierre Lacaze and Lesley Stobo  133

Application of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists high performance liquid chromatographic official method for the qualitative screening of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in shellfish

M. Algoet, E. Luque-Perez, S. Rowland, R. Hatfield, D. Norton, M. Philo, A. Turner and D. Lees  141

Comparison of a rapid post-column oxidation method of analysis for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods of analysis

Jeffery M. Van de Riet, Cory J. Murphy, Wade A. Rourke, B. Garth Burns,
Krista M. Thomas and Michael A. Quilliam  147

Phycotoxin toxicology

Future science-based changes in regulation of lipophilic toxins

Tore Aune  157

Modulation of gastrointestinal permeability—possible effects on the acute toxicity of seafood toxins

Rex Munday  163

Uptake of palytoxin-related compounds from Ostreopsis siamensis by paddle crabs (Ovalipes catharus)

Lesley Rhodes, Rex Munday, Lyn Briggs and Kevin Heasman  168

Vibrio overview

Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the United Kingdom and the first identification of the pandemic O3:K6 serotype

Sariqa Wagley, Kegakilwe Koofhethile, James Badger Wing and Rachel Rangdale  177

Prevalence and molecular diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus associated with molluscs harvested in Canada

S. K. Banerjee, F. J. Pagotto and J. M. Farber  185

Risk communication: the vibrios

Dorothy L. Leonard  193

Marine biotoxin monitoring

What makes an effective shellfish toxin monitoring programme?

Joe Silke  201

Occurrence of two toxic dinoflagellate species, Alexandrium catenella and Gymnodinium catenatum,off Western Kyushu, Japan, in winter

Tatsuya Yurimoto, Yukio Maeno, Katsunori Kimoto, Shigeru Sato and Masaaki Kodama  210

Discrimination of Alexandrium spp. in Cork Harbour, Ireland, using rRNA-targeted fluorescent oligonucleotide probes

Nicolas Touzet, Hazel Farrell, Aoife Ní Rathaille, Sandra Lyons and Robin Raine  220

Esterified forms of okadaic acid and dinophysis toxins in New Zealand shellfish

Patrick T. Holland, A. Lincoln MacKenzie, Paul McNabb
and Andrew I. Selwood  226

Shellfish safety regulation

An industry perspective on regulation—an essential service or a justification for research ad infinitum?

Douglas McLeod  237

Who has made the most impact on shellfish safety —the scientist or the regulator?

Dorothy-Jean McCoubrey  240

Growing area contamination

The implementation and application of sanitary surveys in Europe

Ronald J. Lee, Lorna H. Murray, Martial Catherine and Isabelle Amouroux  247

Evidence of the presence of viral contamination in shellfish after short rainfall events

J. C. Le Saux, O. Serais, J. Krol, S. Parnaudeau, P. Salvagnac, G. Delmas, V. Cicchelero, J. Claudet, P. Pothier, K. Balay, A. Fiandrino, M. Pommepuy
and F. S. Le Guyader  256

Faecal pollution from land sources flushed by storm-flows

Robert J. Davies-Colley  263

Enhanced use of Escherichia coli ribotyping for tracking bacterial pollution sources in coastal New Hampshire, United States

Stephen H. Jones, Natalie Landry and Colin Edwards  269

Evaluation of the microbial contamination of cultured and wild shellfish in the Ria de Vigo (NW Spain)

M. L. Vilariño, C. Álvarez and J. L. Romalde  275

Contaminants

Quantitative assessment of viable Cryptosporidium load in commercial oysters in Chesapeake Bay, United States

Thaddeus K. Graczyk, Earl J. Lewis, Gregory Glass, Alexandre J. Dasilva,
Leena Tamang, Autumn S. Girouard and Frank C. Curriero   283

Post-harvest treatment

Industrial scale detoxification of phycotoxin-contaminated shellfish: myth or reality?

Patrick Lassus, Dennis Gowland, Douglas McKenzie, Maeve Kelly, Bjoern Braaten, Claire Marcaillou-Martin and Juan Blanco  289

Accreditation to ISO17020 of CEFAS’s inspection and approval service for purification plants in England and Wales

Sam Bark  298

Poster papers

First report on amnesic and diarrhetic toxins detection in French scallops during 2004–05 monitoring surveys

Z. Amzil, F. Royer, M. Sibat, L. Fiant, M. Gelin, D. Le Gal and S. Françoise  307

Enhancement of toxin production in photobioreactor culture systems for toxic micro-algae

Veronica Beuzenberg, Doug Mountfort and Lincoln MacKenzie  315

Mass spectral characterisation of undescribed spirolides in an isolate of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium ostenfeldii from Atlantic Canada

Bernd Krock and Allan D. Cembella   316

Monitoring shellfish in Namibia

Chibola Chikwililwa  322

Application of a screening method for cyanobacterial toxins in natural samples

S. Hiller, B. Krock, A. Cembella and B. Luckas  323

Application of size exclusion chromatography for group separation and purification of shellfish extracts prior to determination of regulation relevant lipophilic toxins by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry

Stefanie Beykirch, Katrin Erler, Philipp Hess, Bernd Christian
and Bernd Luckas  328

Application of a new Zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography column for determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning in seafood

Marc Diener and Bernd Luckas  332

First approach towards the implementation of passive sampling adsorption devices for the identification of lipophilic toxins in the coastal embayments of the Ebro Delta

E. Mallat, B. Krock, M. Fernández-Tejedor, A. Caillaud, E. Cañete, L. M. Elandaloussi, J. Franco, A. Cembella and J. Diogène  336

Toxicity of domoic acid isomers to mice

Rex Munday, Patrick Holland, Paul McNabb, Andy Selwood, Doug Mountfort
and Lesley Rhodes  343

The role of shellfish testing in the New South Wales oyster industry

Bruce Nelan  344

 Amnesic shellfish poisoning: the problematic Pseudo-nitzschia delicatissima group

Lesley Rhodes, Janet Adamson, Patrick Holland, Andy Selwood, Roel van Ginkel and Melissa Gladstone  347

DNA probes in FISH and SHA format for the paralytic shellfish poisoning producer, Gymnodinium catenatum

Miguel de Salas, Lesley Rhodes, Janet Adamson and Melissa Gladstone  348

Patterns in localisation of different viruses in Pacific oyster tissues

Catherine Seamer and Brenda Hay  349

A comparative study of the elimination rates of Escherichia coli and F+ bacteriophage in native oysters following a sewage spill event in Langstone Harbour

A. D. Younger and R. J. Lee  355